Nosema disease of honey bees is caused by a microsporidian (a type of fungus). They are intracellular parasites that can cause both chronic and acute disease conditions. In 2005 a new Nosema species, Nosema ceranae, was discovered to infect our honey bee (Apis mellifera). Recent evidence indicates that it has been in the US since at least 1995 and has replaced Nosema apis (the former cause of Nosema disease) in most areas of the country. This new pathogen is of concern since it has been associated with colony collapse disorder (CCD) and other colony health problems. We are currently conducting a survey of honey bee colonies in Virginia and have analyzed bee samples from over 200 hives. Our initial results from microscopic analysis of honey bee abdomens indicate that 55-60% of colonies have bees with Nosema infections. However, the analysis of bees using molecular techniques indicates that infection levels are much higher. Our studies indicate that Virginia beekeepers should consider treating colonies with Fumagilin-B.